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  The second law of thermodynamics asserts that processes occur in a certain direction and that the energy has quality as well as quantity.The first law places no restriction on the direction of a process, and satisfying the first law does not guarantee that the process will occur. Thus, we need another general principle (second law) to identify whether a process can occur or not. Fig. above shows Heat transfer process can occur when and only when it satisfies both the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. The second law also asserts that energy has a quality. Preserving the quality of energy is a major concern of engineers. In the above example, the energy stored in a hot container (higher temperature) has higher quality (ability to work) in comparison with the energy contained (at lower temperature) in the surroundings. The second law is also used in determining the theoretical limits for the performance of commonly used engineering systems, such as heat engines and refrig...

  ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS It is the basic law of thermodynamics which defines the temperature. Zeroth law states that: “When a body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B, and also separately with a body C, then B and C will be in thermal equilibrium with each other”. It is the basis of temperature measurement. THERMOMETRIC PROPERTIES In order to obtain a quantitative measure of temperature, a reference body is used, and a certain physical characteristic of this body which changes with temperature is selected. The selected characteristic is called the thermometric property, and the reference body which is used in the determination of temperature is called the thermometer. Variables which are used to determine the temperature is known as Thermometric property. (i) Constant Volume thermometer – From ideal gas equation For constant volume, P α T, So T= f(P) Only i.e. temperature is only dependent on pressure, thus for constant volume thermometer Pressure, P will be thermometri...

Friction:-  It is the force resisting the relative motion of two solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. Or  It is the opposition offered by surfaces to be in directly contact. There are several types of friction:- Dry friction is a force that opposes the relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact. For example:-  1. Tyres or Wheels against the Road. 2. Movements of solids over cemented floors.  

Force:-   It is defined as the acceleration to move the object from one position to another.                                     Or  The push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change its velocity. Force is an external agent capable of changing the state of rest or motion of a body.                                        Force = Mass × Acceleration                                  F = m × a Where, the terms are denoted by the following alphabets:-                        Force = F                   Mass = m                   Acceler...

Electric Charge:-  The electric charge is a physical property of matter can be experienced whenever the body  is placed into the electromagnetic field.                                       Or  In other words, The charge is the number of electron passing through the conductor. It represented by "Q" and  Its SI unit is " Coulomb " (C).                       Charge "Q" = n×e⁻ Or the other formula is                        Charge "Q" = I×t  Where,                n = number of                e⁻= electrons  And the value of e⁻ = - 1.6×10 ⁻¹⁰ C And to know more about the topic you just watch the video- 

Electric Current:-  The electric current can be defined as the flow of electric charge through the conductor per unit time.                                        Or  It can also be defined as the rate of flow of electric charge through the conductor.  It is denoted by "I"  Its SI unit is Ampere "A". And one more definition is that  It is the ratio of electric charge and time taken to flow. Direction of Flow of Electric charge:-  The electric charge is flowing in the direction of negativ from the positive charge. Ammeter:-  It is device used to measure the current flowing through the circuit.  It is connected ii the circuit in series before the plug key ( Switch). To know more about the topic please watch by given link below:-  Electric Current:- Ammeter Device:-  

Electric Potential :-  It is defined as, the work done to move the charge from one point to another.                                     Or  An electric potential is the amount of work needed to move a unit of charge from a reference point to a specific point inside the field without producing an acceleration. It is denoted by "V"  Its SI unit is " Volt"           Electric Potential = Work done / Charge And to know more about this topic you just watch the video--

Thermodynamics:-  Thermodynamics comes from the Greek words therme (heat) and dynamic (power), so thermodynamics can be referred as the science in which study of the transfer of heat takes place.                                      Or  “Thermodynamics is the science of energy transfer & transformation and its effect on the physical properties of substance”. SYSTEM-   A system is defined as a quantity of matter (control mass) or a region (control volume) in space chosen for study.                                    Or A system is that region where the study is focused. SURROUNDINGS-   Everything external to the system is called the surroundings or the environment.  All the energy interaction is studied between the system and surroundings i.e. all the energy leaving the system ...